“ECOWAS at the Crossroads: The Withdrawal of Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and the Future of Regional Security Governance in West Africa ”. Tanzanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, Aug. 2026, pp. 289-98, https://journal.kiut.ac.tz/index.php/tzjms/article/view/383.