Exploring the Impact of Non-Governmental Lifelong Learning Initiatives on Economic Empowerment of Women in Windhoek’s Informal Settlement, Namibia

Abstract

This study examines how Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) initiatives impact women's genuine freedoms and sustained capabilities, rather than merely providing temporary coping mechanisms in the Okahandja Park informal settlement in Windhoek, Namibia. This paper is guided by an interpretivist paradigm and employs a case study qualitative design. The study is underpinned by Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach. Triangulated data were collected using semi-structured and focus group interview guides. The study revealed that NGO interventions, including skills training and financial literacy, have fostered self-sufficiency, improved household food security, and generated small incomes, leading to increased personal agency and family respect. However, there are some structural barriers, such as a critical lack of start-up capital and essential equipment, inadequate land or commercial space for operations, and deficits in community and family support. The study recommends direct financial investment and business mentorship to translate acquired skills into lasting economic transformation and robust capabilities.